Recent advances in MXene-based batteries: Evolution from aqueous to solid-state systems

초록

MXenes have emerged as a pivotal class of two-dimensional materials driving the evolution of rechargeable battery technologies from conventional aqueous systems toward advanced solid-state architectures. Their exceptional electrical conductivity, lamellar framework, and chemically tunable surface terminations enable precise control over charge transport, ion storage, and interfacial reactions. This review critically surveys recent advances in MXene-based batteries, highlighting their functional roles across aqueous and solid-state energy storage platforms. In aqueous batteries, MXenes facilitate rapid redox kinetics, high-rate capability, and enhanced electrochemical stability through optimized surface chemistry and electrolyte compatibility. As battery technologies transition toward solid-state configurations, MXenes emerge as conductive interlayers, iontransport facilitators, and interface-stabilizing components that mitigate contact resistance and mechanical mismatch between electrodes and solid electrolytes. The review also focuses on key challenges, such as oxidation susceptibility, harsh synthesis routes, and scalability of synthesis. By mapping the evolutionary trajectory of MXene integration from aqueous to solid-state batteries, this review provides a forward-looking framework for leveraging MXenes in next-generation, highperformance, and environmentally responsible energy storage technologies.

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