Precursor diversity-guided strategic designing of NIR-responsive carbon dots with tailorable photochemical properties for precision photomedicine

초록

NIR-responsive carbon dots have rendered them a versatile nanoplatform for reliable and non-invasive photo-therapy and biomedical-imaging. Recent advances in synthetic design strategies have made it possible to precisely regulate nanoscale architecture, surface electronic states, and hybridized it-conjugated domains, resulting in controlled absorption and emission throughout NIR windows with tunable photothermal/photochemical behavior. Consequently, NIR-CDs have transitioned from fundamental optical nanomaterials to superior functional agents in deep tissue imaging and phototherapy applications. We provide a detailed discussion of the photothermal/photochemical properties, designing principles, and their diverse molecular-level, structural-level, and compositional-level synthetic design strategies such as top-down approach, bottom-up approach, suitable precursor screening, molecular engineering, photosensitizer bioconjugation, supramolecular self-assembly, surface/defects engineering, materials hybridization/semiconductor coupling, heteroatom doping, and biomass precursor screening. Moreover, photothermal/photochemical modulation approaches were emphasized in regards to various designing strategies and provided proper guidance to adopt suitable approach. Furthermore, we reviewed the biomedical applications, particularly biomedical imaging (fluorescence/upconversion multiphoton/photoacoustic) and phototherapy (photothermal/ photodynamic/ photocatalytic/ synergistic multimodal) of NIR-responsive CDs. Finally, we addressed the current challenges and future prospects of NIRresponsive CDs for clinical translation.

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