A new era in energy storage: In Situ and Operando characterization of 2D materials-based devices

초록

Two-dimensional (2D) materials have emerged as promising candidates for advanced electrochemical energy storage devices, such as batteries and supercapacitors, owing to their exceptional surface area, electrical conductivity, and tunable properties. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the synthesis and preparation methods of 2D materials, highlighting their critical roles in optimizing device performance. Central to this discussion is the exploration of in situ and operando characterization techniques, which enable real-time monitoring of structural, chemical, and electrochemical changes within 2D materials-based devices under working conditions. We systematically examine key electrochemical characterization methods, including Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS), Cyclic Voltammetry (CV), Galvanostatic Charge-Discharge (GCD), and Differential Capacity Analysis, alongside advanced operando approaches that capture dynamic processes during device operation. The review further delves into recent operando studies applied in real-time device applications, offering insights into degradation mechanisms, phase transformations, and interfacial phenomena. Special attention is devoted to the functionalization and surface engineering of 2D materials, underscoring strategies for performance enhancement and their operando monitoring. Challenges and limitations inherent to in situ and operando techniques are critically analyzed to guide future improvements in measurement accuracy and device integration. Finally, we discuss emerging trends and future perspectives in the field, emphasizing the technological outlook for next-generation energy storage solutions based on 2D materials. This review aims to provide a detailed understanding of the synergy between 2D materials and advanced characterization techniques, fostering progress towards more efficient, durable, and scalable energy storage technologies.

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