Electrospun metal-oxide nanofiber composites structure-property-performance relationships for advanced biosensor applications

초록

Electrospun nanofiber composites incorporating metals, metal oxides, and conductive polymers have emerged as high-performance functional materials for biosensing applications. This review systematically discusses the structural design, compositional tuning, and physicochemical properties of electrospun nanofiber-based sensing materials with a particular emphasis on structure-property-performance correlations. The integration of transition metal and oxide nanostructures (e.g., TiO2, ZnO, CuO, NiO, Au, Ag, and hybrid alloys) within polymeric matrices enhances charge transport, catalytic activity, and interfacial electron transfer critical parameters governing sensor efficiency. Distinct electrospinning strategies including coaxial, emulsion, and needleless configurations are reviewed in terms of their ability to produce core-shell, porous, and aligned fiber morphologies that directly influence mechanical flexibility and conductivity. Comparative analyses are presented for electrochemical, optical, and piezoelectric biosensors highlighting how material composition and fiber morphology dictate detection sensitivity, response time, and stability. The article further discusses alloy oxide hybridization, dopant effects, and emerging AI-assisted process control for optimizing fiber uniformity and reproducibility. This review provides a materials-centric framework for designing next-generation electrospun nanocomposite fibers with tunable functionalities for wearable, flexible, and environmental biosensing platforms.

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