Advances in MOF-derived porous carbons, oxides, and hybrids for water splitting and beyond

초록

Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) and their derivatives have emerged as powerful precursors for designing efficient electrocatalysts for water splitting due to their tunable porosity, compositional flexibility, and high density of accessible metal sites. However, the poor electrical conductivity and limited stability of pristine MOFs restrict their direct electrocatalytic application. Recent advances demonstrate that controlled derivatization and hybridization particularly defect engineering, heterointerface formation, and coupling with conductive matrices can fundamentally transform MOFs into highly active and robust bifunctional catalysts. MOF-derived hybrids incorporating transition-metal compounds embedded in conductive carbon architectures exhibit accelerated charge transfer, optimized adsorption energetics, and enhanced structural stability across acidic, neutral, and alkaline media. As a result, many systems deliver hydrogen evolution reaction overpotentials below 70 mV and oxygen evolution reaction overpotentials around 230-250 mV at 10 mA cm(-2), approaching or rivaling noble-metal benchmarks, while maintaining long-term durability. This review critically summarizes recent progress in MOF-derived electrocatalysts, with an emphasis on structure property relationships, interface modulation, and synergistic hybrid designs that govern catalytic performance. Finally, key challenges and future opportunities are discussed to guide the rational development of next-generation MOF-derived materials for scalable and sustainable water-splitting technologies.

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