Transition metal oxides for battery technologies

초록

Transition metal oxides (TMOs) have become highly promising and adaptable materials for next-generation energy storage systems because of their variable oxidation states, rich structural diversity, and electrochemical properties that can be tuned. This review provides a thorough examination of TMOs in relation to battery technologies, starting with a discussion of their basic attributes, such as electronic features, defect chemistry, and crystal structures. The performance of TMOs when used in different battery systems is greatly influenced by these inherent characteristics. The integration of TMOs into various battery chemistries, including Solid-State Batteries (SSBs), Zinc-Ion Batteries (ZIBs), Lithium-Ion Batteries (LIBs), and Sodium-Ion Batteries (SIBs), is then examined in the article, along with an explanation of their practical uses and operational mechanisms. The role that TMOs play in these systems such as cathode, anode, or interfacial materials is given special consideration. TMOs have limitations with regard to material scalability, poor electronic/ionic conductivity, cyclability, and structural stability, despite their potential. We thoroughly analyze these constraints and highlight contemporary approaches to overcome them, including hybridization, doping, nanostructuring, and the creation of scalable, economical synthesis pathways. We conclude by outlining potential future paths and opportunities for bringing TMO-based batteries closer to commercial viability, highlighting the necessity of creative design, enhanced interface engineering, and environmentally friendly production methods.

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