Nanoscale strain-engineered planar two-dimensional materials: properties, fabrication strategies, and applications in biosensing

초록

This review discusses if the crumpling of planar two-dimensional (2D) materials is a breakthrough in strain engineering or merely an artifact of imperfect processing. Over the past decade, a phenomenon once considered to be random wrinkling has evolved into a deliberate and tunable strategy for tailoring the intrinsic physics, chemistry, and functionalities of atomically thin systems. Controlled out-of-plane architectures achieved through prestrained elastomers, thermal shrinkage, nanoparticle (NP) templating, nanostructured substrates, nanoscale corrugation, and bubble-based deformation produce well-defined variations in the local strain and curvature that engineer the band structure, carrier scattering, exciton behavior, and catalytic activity in a manner that is unattainable using conventional planar geometries. In this review, we outline the fabrication strategies for synthesizing 2D strain architectures and provide step-by-step guidance for each method. We then summarize complementary characterization techniques such as Raman spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and numerical strain mapping, which enable the quantitative analysis of morphological evolution, symmetry breaking, and interfacial adhesion. Finally, we discuss how strained 2D materials improve biosensing performance, highlighting several examples based on field-effect, electrochemical, and surface-enhanced Raman scattering-based platforms. Beyond biosensing, we also briefly discuss examples in which strained 2D materials have been integrated into optosynaptic and electrochromic devices.

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