Unveiling blood biomarkers for neuronal hyperplasticity: Insights from AD molecular subtyping, a comprehensive review

초록

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most prevalent neurodegenerative disorder, predominantly affecting the aging population. Early detection through biomarkers is essential for early intervention. Recent sub-classification of AD through extensive cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) proteomic analyses revealed distinct characteristics of each subtype, necessitating tailored therapeutic strategies. While CSF proteomics has identified potential biomarkers, the need for non-invasive and cost-effective substitutions highlights the importance of blood-based biomarkers (BBMs). This review is a comprehensive review that categorizes potential BBMs based on neuronal hyperplasticity (subtype 1), underlining their role in refining subtype classification and enabling precision medicine. Early AD is often marked by cortical and hippocampal hyperactivity, followed by hypoactivity during later stages of neurodegeneration. While the exact mechanisms remain unclear, factors like Ca2+, glutamate, amyloid beta, tau, genetic factors, and impaired glial function play a role. Advancements in blood-based diagnostics would improve detection, individual treatment strategies, and evaluation of therapeutic response, eventually reducing the burden of AD on health-care systems.

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