Advanced functional plasmonic-carbon dot hybrid platforms: nanoarchitecture, sensing mechanisms, chemical sensors, and future perspectives

초록

Nanomaterial-based chemical sensing has advanced through hybrid platforms that synergistically integrate optical and electronic functionalities for enhanced analytical performance. Plasmonic-carbon dots (CDs) nanohybrids combine the localized surface plasmon resonance of noble metals (Au, Ag, Cu, and Pd) with the tunable fluorescence, and rich surface functionality of CDs. These synergic interactions strengthened light-matter interactions, regulates the enhanced fluorescence behavior, and promotes efficient charge transfer. This review highlights recent progress in CDs@plasmonic nanohybrids for optical sensing of biological and environmental analytes. Particular emphasis is placed on chromo-fluorogenic transduction pathways, including aggregation/ disaggregation, F & uml; orster resonance energy transfer, inner-filter effect, plasmon-exciton coupling, photoinduced electron transfer, and catalytic plasmon enhancement, are critically discussed together with detection limits and dynamic ranges. Additionally, this review underscores advancements in dual-mode platforms, particularly fluorescence-colorimetric analytical devices, as pathways toward low-cost, portable diagnostics. Future directions emphasize sustainable fabrication strategies, real-time spectroscopic imaging, and AI-enabled spectral interpretation to accelerate design-to-real time applications.

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