Enhanced cycling reversibility and kinetics of indium oxide anode for Li-ion batteries using Zn doping and carbon composites

초록

Zn-doped indium oxide composites with amorphous carbon (Zn:In2O3-C) are proposed as potential anodes for Liion batteries (LIBs). Hydrothermal and ball milling were used to synthesize the composite. Zn doping increases the electrical conductivity while reducing the activation energy of Li+ ion insertion, facilitating Li+ ion hopping in In2O3. In particular, Zn-doped In2O3 (Zn:In2O3) forms an intermediate product (LiInO2), which evolves into lithiated In (Li2In). Li2In has a reduced number of Li ions per In compared to the conventional product (Li4.35In). This enables uniform lithiation/delithiation and regulates the volume change of In2O3 during electrochemical reactions. Amorphous C acts as a buffer, alleviating volume expansion and enhancing cycling stability. The benefits of Zn doping and C incorporation were validated by electrochemical analyses, including cyclic voltammetry, galvanostatic intermittent titration technique, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Consequently, Zn:In2O3-C exhibits superior cycling performance (-743 mAh g- 1 at 0.1 A g- 1) and rate capability (274.1 mAh g- 1 at 3 A g- 1) compared to the control electrodes (Zn:In2O3, In2O3-C, and In2O3), suggesting as an viable option for high-performance anodes in the future.

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