Recent advancements in immunotherapy for colorectal cancer

초록

Colorectal cancer (CrC) is considered among the most fatal tumors, with only a 5–6-year survivability. CrC is becoming more common among young people in developing countries. 5-Fluorouracil, Oxaliplatin, and Fluoropyrimidine are the first-line therapies with a low survival rate. Immunotherapy is increasingly showing encouraging outcomes in the treatment of CrC. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has licensed monoclonal antibodies Pembrolizumab and Ipilimumab for microsatellite instable (MSI)-H metastatic CrC. This brings up new immunotherapy options for CrC patients. Currently, physicians anticipate immunotherapy in CrC based on genetic anomalies of the solid tumor, the nature of the tumor’s microenvironment, and particular liquid biomarkers. Recently, novel biomarkers based on the neoantigen burden, antigen presentation efficiency, T-cell receptor repertoire heterogeneity, immune cell availability, pro- and anticancer cytokines, ctDNA levels, and the presence of intratumoral microorganisms have been studied. Various immunotherapeutic techniques, such as dendritic cells, ligand-decorated nanoparticles, gold and silver nanoparticles, and antigen-specific T cells-loaded nanoparticles, are now being investigated against various cancers. Finally, immunotherapy has the potential to significantly uplift the lifespan of CrC patients. Immunotherapies have gained the majority of the limelight in recent years, mostly due to FDA’s encouraging approvals. The results of ongoing studies provide great promise since they will open up new possibilities. © 2024 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

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