Research progress in surface modification strategies for lanthanide-doped luminescent materials towards theranostic application

초록

Lanthanide-doped upconversion nanoparticles (Ln-UCNPs) are especially useful in clinical settings for diagnostic as well as magnetic resonance imaging tests. The emergence of biological frontier fields like precision theranostics, gene editing and optogenetics presents both exceptional opportunities and unprecedented challenges for the bio-application of luminescent nanomaterials. Collectively, these characteristics render Ln-UCNPs highly preferred for cutting-edge bioanalytical and theranostic uses, which have been thoroughly investigated. Recently, as upconversion synthesis technology has matured and various disciplines have become more integrated, significant new advancements have been made in the biological application research of upconversion. In this comprehensive review, we highlight that a deeper understanding of the essential role of rare-earth doping is crucial for developing a wide range of functional nanomaterials for practical applications. We will also explore the advancements in rare-earth based nanomaterials, including the preparation of core and core-shell nano-particles. Additionally, this review offers an in-depth analysis of the principles governing the Ln-UCNPs process in Ln3+ doped nanoparticles, including aspects like superficial functionalization. This review will include various colloidal polymeric and non-polymeric materials to highlight their significance for the readers. The role of colloidal Ln-UCNPs is thoroughly examined along with their potential applications in biomedical fields as well as the emerging frontiers and future outlook for the research.

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