Black phosphorus-based hybrid electrodes for supercapacitors and secondary batteries: Bridging the nanoscale stability of black phosphorus to macroscale multifunctional energy storage devices

초록

Research on novel, developing, and efficient 2D materials for electrochemical energy storage technologies is ongoing. An allotrope of phosphorus (P) named black phosphorus (BP) has been efficaciously produced in large quantities for over a century. It resurfaced and attracted a lot of interest when its layered counterpart was conceived of as 2D nanosheets with advantageous tunable surface chemistry. BP's high charge carrier mobility, variable bandgap, and distinct electrochemical properties make it a good potential material for cutting-edge energy storage applications. In this sense, review articles mainly focusing on BP are very desirable and useful for researchers to understand the benefits and current issues related to BP for certain applications. Herein, we present an inclusive review of BP and its composites for supercapacitors and secondary batteries. Firstly, the overview of the synthesis of BP and BP-based hybrid electrodes has been discussed vibrantly, covering some new synthesis techniques. Each technique is assessed in terms of scalability, process conditions, material quality, advantages and limitations, as well as structural stability in ambient conditions. Secondly, the review highlights how covalent and non-covalent modifications might improve BP's nanoscale stability under ambient conditions. Finally, BP's potential to improve energy density, rate capability, and other electrochemical activities is highlighted through a critical discussion of its applications in supercapacitors and secondary batteries. Besides, this review article elaborately discusses the remaining challenges related to BP-based multifunctional electrodes and highlights the emergent projections towards a sustainable energy future.

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