Research advances on exploring the FRET mechanism using various sensitizers for latent-finger print technologies: A comprehensive review

초록

Rare-earth ions, known for their distinctive optical, magnetic, and electrical characteristics have been studied extensively as active dopants in inorganic crystal lattices since the 18th century. The incorporation of foreign ions is crucial in modifying the properties of nanomaterials, influencing their crystal structures, morphology, and functionalities. Different sensitizers exhibit unique energy transfer pathways as well as excitation wavelengths to various activators, resulting in distinct upconversion luminescence (UCL) characteristics. In this review, we emphasize that creating a variety of functional nanomaterials for real-world applications requires a deeper comprehension of the critical role of rare-earth doping. We will also delve into the progress made in rare-earth based nanomaterials, the impact of coordination and non-coordination materials chemistry in the preparation of lanthanide (Ln3+) doped upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs). The principles of UCNPs process in Ln3+ doped nanoparticles like energy transfer, energy migration conversion, excited-state absorption, photon avalanche and cooperative sensitization upconversion nanoparticles along with the perception of luminescence/fluorescence resonance energy transfer (LRET/FRET) mechanism. Furthermore, the essential nanomaterials for FRET investigation along with detailed study on the upconversion luminescence based on the role of lanthanide-sensitizer, their mechanisms and the exchange of energies from sensitizers to their respective activators have been thoroughly discussed. Besides, their potential applications in latent finger print (LFP), anti-counterfeiting/security as well as emerging frontiers and future outlook for research are discussed.

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