미국의 무역확장법 232조 외연확장과대응방안 연구: 산업보안 내재화를 중심으로

초록

The global trade environment is undergoing a rapid paradigm shift - moving away from cost-efficiency-driven free trade toward ‘Economic Security,’ a framework that integrates national security with economic policy. Within this context, the United States, under its ‘America First’ doctrine, is leveraging Section 232 of the Trade Expansion Act as a powerful security instrument to protect key domestic industries and maintain dominance in advanced technology. This study analyzes how the scope of Section 232 of the Trade Expansion Act - previously confined to basic materials such as steel and aluminum - is expanding into future strategic industries including semiconductors, connected vehicles, and artificial intelligence (AI). It further examines the implications of this expansion for Korea’s industrial security framework and explores possible countermeasures. The findings indicate that Section 232 is functioning not merely as a tariff barrier, but as a mechanism that compels trading partners to conform to specific industrial security standards and supply chain transparency requirements. By imposing U.S.-centric security guidelines, it is effectively eroding the independent security governance of foreign nations. In response, this study proposes policy alternatives aimed at achieving industrial security internalization’ - embedding industrial security as a core element of business management, rather than treating it as a passive or reactive obligation. Three key recommendations are put forward: First, Korea and the United States should conclude a Mutual Recognition Agreement (MRA) on Industrial Security to establish security equivalence and build a mediated data-sharing model. Second, an Economic Security Data Control Tower should be institutionalized on a permanent basis to strengthen its gatekeeping function against unreasonable foreign demands for information. Third, the paradigm of the current Industrial Technology Protection Act must shift from punitive ex-post enforcement to proactive ex-ante integrity assurance, accompanied by the advancement of a state-led security certification framework.

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